Effective Communication Within A Workplace - 854 Words

Communication skills are very important no matter where or who you are. Communication within a workplace can determine whether a business or individual is successful or not. Understanding effective communication in a medical setting helps hospitals and doctor offices develop a work environment that is able to communicate effectively with coworker, patients and doctors in order to take of the patients needs. Listening, clarity and Patience are three main keys to effective communication within a workplace. In this paper, the author will describe an experience within the medical field work place where communication was effective. In a medical workplace environment, having effective communication is very important. In my workplace, patient and staff communication is very important to run a clinic proactively. Working as a medical assistant for two different doctors can be very stressful and overwhelming at times because communication with them can be sometimes misconstrued. One exp erience where communication was effective if my workplace is, I had an elderly patient who was referred by another facility and Dr, come in without any historical records or recent testing documentation which is required by the Dr. My job as the doctor’s medical assistant is to get the history of present illness of the patient before the doctor comes to see the patient. As I was communicating with the patient, asking for the proper documentation, I notice the patient did not have all of herShow MoreRelatedEffective Communication Within The Workplace1254 Words   |  6 Pagesoperate effectively within a workplace their must be effective communication between staff and managers from front line managers to high end managers. However, in workplaces all around the world. Employees often fail to address employees effectively and often as a direct result. Employees either make mistakes or purposely choose to disregard orders. To reinforce this statement managers still evaluate tha t there is a clear failure of effective communication within the workplace still is a large problemRead MoreEffective Communication Within The Workplace1848 Words   |  8 Pagesorganisational communication; it is the communication that happens within the organisational, whether it is face to face communication or video conferences communication. It is important to note that if organisations do not communicate the right information, in the right way, to the right people, at the right time, this could create problems and have an impact on the level of effectiveness and efficiency. In essence, there is therefore a need for effective communication within the workplace. If thereRead MoreInterpersonal Communication And The Workplace946 Words   |  4 PagesInterpersonal communication in the workplace is developed positively or negatively on the individual relationships we have combined with our human behaviors and human actions within each of those relationships. There are many things that can affect interpersonal communications within the workplace, from generational that create technological gaps, to diversity and tolerance it creates, and finally the type of workplace, is it a team environment encouraging inclusiveness within the organization orRead MoreEffective Communication Skills Are Essential For Success1222 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Effective Communication skills are essential for success in every organization. Individuals today in the workplace need to effectively communicate with employees, customers and potential clients. Effective and clear communication if not delivered in the right manner could be interpreted by the receiver and have a negative impact. There are many barriers that can effect a conversation such as cultural differences, gender and environment. Employees can learn how to adapt in differentRead More Work Environment Paper1015 Words   |  5 Pages Work Environment Paper Good communication skills are imperative for organizations to carry out in an attempt to maintain outstanding performance from employees and management. Every workplace is unique in terms of their diversity profile therefore, is it vital for organization to create and execute creative communication methodologies that will enable organizations to develop a community rather than just your average run of the mill work environment. For example, active listening, collective goalRead MoreEffective Communication in the Workplace Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication Barriers in the Workplace Communication barriers in the workplace can have a serious effect on the functioning and of an organization. In the following article we shall understand what some of these communication barriers are and how to overcome them. Ads by Google Improve Communication Our NLP Training Program Helps You Overcome Your Fears. Enroll Today! www.EasyNLP.com/ Conflict Management How much is conflict costing you? Assessment, Training, Coaching www.StrategicLeadershipCoachingRead MoreImportance of Cross Cultural Communications1209 Words   |  5 PagesEffective cross-cultural communication is one of the most important issues dealt with in business, particularly when a firm operates at an international level. Communication is a process with three key elements, which includes a source, an audience, and a channel. Communication derived from businesses will have listeners that include, but are not limited to customers, employees, suppliers, and the community (Caddy et al.). These listeners contribute to the success of a firm, which is why there isRead MoreThe Effects Of Effective Communication On Job Performance1680 Words   |  7 PagesWhen asked to write a reflective think piece describing a single communication issue as it pertains to the organization in which I work, the Employment Development Department, I decided to delve into the to pic of effective communication, especially in regards to job expectations. I choose this particular aspect of communication because it is one of my divisions biggest complaints in regards to management or the lack there of, and I want to better understand how to avoid miscommunicating with fellowRead MoreThe Importance Of An Undergraduate Business Management Student1535 Words   |  7 Pagesever-changing business world, a key component to the productivity within the workplace is communication. As an undergraduate business management student, an important part of communication is understanding the difference between maintaining the faà §ade of an authoritative figure or maintaining a friendly relationship with employees and how it would affect the attitudes, behaviors, productivity and quality of work. In order create a successful workplace environment, finding and establishing a middle ground betweenRead MoreEssential Attributes in Nursing1220 Words   |  5 Pagescommunities. I n a nursing good workplace citizenship needs an understanding and maintaining a good relationship between patients and health professional to deliver quality health care and services. In the context of nursing, communication, teamwork and social responsibility is the main graduates attributes that are essential in workplace citizenship because it promotes a healthy relationship between health professionals, patients and improve the nursing workplace. Communication is the exchanging information

The Religion And Its Origins - 855 Words

This chapter was exactly like Vavova’s chapter as it was defending morals from debunkers. The author merely formed a defense for keeping his religious beliefs. The author had four parts of his argument. He introduces the arguments and claims that he can defend religion. In the introduction, the author puts out a hypothetical situation where a person, Fred, believes in evolution and God. Fred can see that evolution does not include whether not God is involved. The author claims that this is similar to a debunking argument, but he can defend a religious belief. The author then goes over the structure of his argument and requests patience from the reader on the matter. In the second part of his argument, the author explains religion and its origins. According to psychologists, folk theories are universal processes of human thought and we have found a lot of them. However the fact that we have folk theories does not explain why we have them. Debunking does not argue about whether cognitive evolution is true, it argues around the implications if it were true. Belief forming processes must be truth tracking. However, does that meant that evolution forces us into skepticism? The author doesn’t believe so, because of the possibility of a Milvian Bridge. Natural selection would help if it selected for the truth. Targets of beliefs should be causes of beliefs, making them remote and proximate. This is his detailed account of a Milvian Bridge. The author then goes on to define reasonShow MoreRelatedThe Origin Of The Egyptian Religion1113 Words   |  5 PagesHorus is one of the oldest and most meaningful deities in agent Egyptian religion. He was w orshiped through the late predynastic period and through the Greco Roman times. From as far back as we know the Egyptians believed that Osiris was of divine origin, that he suffered death and mutilation at the hands of evil, and after a great struggle with these powers he rose again, that he then became the king of the underworld and judge of the dead, and because he had conquered death the honorable also mightRead MoreOrigin of Hindu Religion2468 Words   |  10 Pagesas the SanÄ tana Dharma. The word Hindu is at times attributed to all persons professing Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism or Sikhism as is used in the Constitution of India.[1] With more than a billion adherents, Hinduism is the worlds third largest religion. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 1 billion, live in India.[2] Other countries with large Hindu populations, such as Nepal, Mauritius and the island of Bali, can be found in various parts of the world. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2Read MoreOrigin of Hindu Religion2457 Words   |  10 Pagesas the SanÄ tana Dharma. The word Hindu is at times attributed to all persons professing Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism or Sikhism as is used in the Constitution of India.[1] With more than a billion adherents, Hinduism is the worlds third largest religion. The vast majority of Hindus, approximately 1 billion, live in India.[2] Other countries with large Hindu populations, such as Nepal, Mauritius and the island of Bali, can be found in various parts of the world. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 HistoryRead MoreThe Origins Of Christianity As A World Religion2485 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the predominance of Christianity as a world religion, a majority of the peoples of Europe and throughout the world acknowledged and worshiped a multitude of spirits. The Romans and the Greeks believed in a pantheon of gods while the Celts in the British Isles believed in the wildfolk or Faeries. These are just some examples of cultures who worshiped multiple beings. It would also be these same people who would be condemned for their beliefs and labeled by Christians as Heathens and PagansRead MoreThe Origins of Roman Religion and Its Progress Essay2671 Words   |  11 PagesThe Origins of Roman Religion and Its Progress Introduction ============ Throughout the ages, beliefs have changed, advanced, and occasionally begun. In the time of Ancient Rome, the people began observing one religion; that which was similar to the Greeks; the pantheon. Through the Roman Empire, the worship of twelve central deities was observed carefully. The Romans themselves began all the beliefs contained within the worship. This was of great importanceRead MoreAgrarian Magic: 20 Theories on the Origin of Religion8239 Words   |  33 PagesAgrarian Magic: 20 Theories on the Origin of Religion Religion is a species-specific human universal phenomenon, complex, full of paradoxes, and found in all cultures. Social scientists and anthropologists since the late 17th century have attempted to rationally answer questions about religion, and while we cant evaluate the veracity of religion’s claims, we can attempt to understand its functions. The methods of comparative religion, comparative mythology, with interdisciplinary analysisRead More The Common Origins of the World’s Major Religions Essay3563 Words   |  15 PagesThe Common Origins of the World’s Major Religions All too often in modern society it is the differences and conflicts that serve to separate religious groups that are emphasized. The mainstream media, fundamentalists’ propaganda, and other sources choose to ignore the numerous similarities that many religions share, and instead focus on the divisive elements. In this paper, I will attempt to shed light on the many commonalities in dogma that I believe exist between the major religions of the worldRead MoreOrigins of the Islamic Religion in the United States Essay450 Words   |  2 PagesOrigins of the Islamic Religion in the United States The beginning of Islam in the United States can be traced to the earliest days of the slave trade. While many of the slaves brought to America practiced traditional African religions, many of the slaves from West Africa were predominately Muslim. In fact a significant number of black Africans brought to North America during the slave trade were Muslim. Due to the overwhelming Christian presenceRead MoreWhy Do The Historic Theories Of The Origins Of Religion Begin? Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Why study comparative religions? You could study religion for the same reason you study music or biology or drama. It is based on your interests. The second cultures of the world cannot be understood without a knowledge of the influence of religion on everyday life. Lastly, politics is a huge contribution for knowledge about world religions. How do the historic theories of the origins of religion begin? Well the first theory is Animistic Theory which Edward Burnett Tylor in his primitiveRead MoreDiscrimination Within The Workplace, Race, Religion, National Origin And Disabilities1372 Words   |  6 PagesDiscrimination in the workplace comes in many forms: age, sex, race, religion, national origin and disabilities. All of these are in protected groups by law. The text Business Ethics defines job discrimination as occurring when (1) an employment decision in some way harms or disadvantages an employee or job applicant; (2) the decision based on a person’s membership in a ce rtain group, rather than on individual merit; and (3) the decision rests on prejudice, false stereotypes, or the assumption

Mock Business Proposal free essay sample

Our services will first be introduced to Baltimore City Public schools; Specifically Fredrick Douglass High School. We have plans of further expanding into other public schools in metropolitan areas that have struggling school systems. Our curriculum will thoroughly prepare students for standardized testing which are evaluated and colleges amp; universities; specifically SAT amp; ACT testing. College Bound Prep will offer workshops where students can get help with their classes and homework. College Bound Prep will also put an emphasis on science because that is one major skill which students today lack. College Bound Prep is intended to help High School juniors and seniors, but with time it will be available for more grades. We decided to become a Non-Profit organization because the average income rate of Baltimore City households is about 30,000 or less. This will allow students whose parents wouldn’t be able to afford private tutoring sessions elsewhere to have their child stay after school and get the appropriate help. College Bound Prep will build partnerships with colleges amp; universities on the Eastern coast with the potential to expand across the states. We will work closely with school counselors amp;students to help them through the college application process, fill out government aid forms and find scholarships/grants which they may be eligible for. We will hold college tours with our partnered schools to shows students the diversity of their options and help motivate. Because we offer our services to the students free of cost we will Charge a $30fee per tour which will cover their travel expenses. We plan to host around 3 tours a semester. There are numerous other companies such as Kaplan, Newton and Frog Tutoring which offer tutoring or SAT Prep classes, many of these programs which go to onsite locations. We will use an enhanced version of the current school’s curriculum, and using student feedback we can focus on what the students need. In the State less than 28% of students are proficient in Science when compared to the rest of the world, is below standards which show the lack of science education. With the launch of a new Company we run the several Risks and but the opportunities are quite appealing. Some of the risks which our company faces are the strong opposition which we will face from our competition. Many of our competitors have been in business for several years, and are quite credible. Another problem we will face is the current budget cuts to Baltimore’s public education. Being a non-profit organization we will require government funding we run the risk of not receiving necessary funding. While analyzing our current market we realized the opportunity based on the current rise in Graduation and College application rate from the Baltimore public schools. This shows the rise and interest of students wanting to graduate and further pursue their educational careers. The city of Baltimore has set a goal of raising the graduation rate to 90% by the year 2020. College Bound Prep sees this opportunity as a chance to work closely with the Baltimore City Public School program and help reach this goal. College Bound Prep will be ran by 5 College Graduates all with their own disciplines which together will contribute our skills, time and some personal funds. To start off the staff will be made up of paid seasoned/veteran math, science, history, and English teachers who share in our ideal to help troubled schools. We will recruit College students as interns to help as assistants to the tutors. Using interns will help cut back on pay roll and these College interns will hopefully be viewed as role models and representatives of what it is to be a college student. At start up each member will contribute $5000 of their own funds to add up to $25,000, along with an additional business loan of $25,000 we will have a total of 50,000 before any funding or aide. We will pay this debt of within the first 4 years of operation. With this 50,000 we will pay payroll, purchase books and material, and cover additional cost which we will occur. Mission Statement College Bound Prep is designed to help and motivate High School students in the Baltimore City School System to become independent learners and pursue advancement in their academic careers amp; educational opportunities beyond high school. Following the beliefs of the No Child Left behind Act we want to help any student who wants to go 2 college to get there and personally guide them there. Company Our Company College Bound Prep was founded July 24th, 2011 by five people who are willing to change the educational system in the Baltimore City Public School District. Our business is designed to help and protect the educational advancements of the Baltimore City School Youth. Also, our service most importantly, will help Baltimore City Schools raise their test scores in many subject areas that show they are deficient in such as Math, reading, writing, and other areas study. On the other hand, our company is a C-Corporation that will provide many tools and skills to students in the Baltimore City area so that they may have opportunities of advancement beyond high school. Additionally, our corporation will be building partnerships with colleges within the state of Maryland and in the future attempt to expand to others on the east coast if business is very successful. Our principal office will be located at Frederick Douglass Senior High School, where we may have an agreement with the school and the Baltimore City School District Board to use classrooms or other lecture halls for our academic sessions. We will use Frederick Douglass Senior High School as our first location until we see that we are financially fit and our curriculum proves sufficient enough to expand to other schools within Baltimore City District and/or possibly obtain our own public location. Our main focus and priority is to start in a location where the school that needs the most assistance and attention. According to the Maryland State Department of Education, Frederick Douglass Senior High School is second to last in worst high schools in the state of Maryland in algebra and English. Our Corporation feels that we must begin where the majority of students are doing poorly in their test scores so that we can show the public that we are serious company promoting change in the Baltimore City Public School District. Business College Bound Prep provides many services to students in the Baltimore City area an opportunity to seek assistance from us in the college application process so that they can fully comprehend the process of applying to college. Furthermore, specifically, we will assist and guide them in the understanding of the fine print of these college applications. Also, we plan to provide Inner Baltimore City Youth and Parents an opportunity to visit colleges in the state of Maryland so that they can get some real life experience on a college campus. Our College Tours will visit a variety of schools such as Towson, University of Maryland, Morgan State University, Coppin State University, UMBC, St. Mary’s College, Salisbury University, Maryland Easter Shore, Baltimore City Community College, and The Community College of Baltimore County. College Bound Prep is at the seed stage of the business venture, having just developed idea that would attract us to have different and unique services that many other educational enhancement corporations don’t have. Recently, we have hired three student tutors from the Towson University and two students’ tutors from Morgan State University. Additionally, we have come to an agreement with Frederick Douglass Senior High School as our first location to conduct our tutoring sessions and are in the talking agreement process with Harbor City High School in the Baltimore City Public School District. Our Corporation is expected to achieve at least 3600 dollars in sales from College Tours every semester from the academic sessions being held at our school locations. We can achieve this because the funds will allow us to market our company in the Baltimore City Public School Newsletters, allow ads to be admitted in the Baltimore Sun newspapers, allow us to put flyers out on billboards at all the Public High schools in Baltimore, and maybe allow our company to have television ads on the local Baltimore stations. Also, with the funding, we may be able to expand to our own location or expand to facilities where we may be able to rent rooms that are large enough to accommodate large amounts of students. Furthermore, we feel that our company will be able to hire the best tutors in the area so that we can give a young child an equal opportunity to further advance their education. Product/Service: College Bound Prep will deliver personalized tutoring to students at Frederick Douglass Senior High School. Tutoring will cover commonly tested areas such as Math, English, and Science. Tutoring in these specific areas is set to improve the test scores with confidence and with hopes of bringing Baltimore City’s school systems higher in ranking. College Bound Prep’s smaller group size will also enhance the student’s ability to receive information better and also increase confidence and encourage students in being more proactive in the learning process. Each subject will have an individual break down in terms of the style of teaching to the students. College Bound Prep will be stepping outside of the traditional teaching style and will involve the students in hands-on and personal experience learning. Each subject would offer its own curriculum that is different from the other. Math will involve physical construction of word problems which include having the students make drawings and illustrations of what they have read to demonstrate their comprehension, hands-on activities for areas in math such as Geometry, and computer labs held for areas in math such as Algebra, graphs, and other areas that require any data input and graphical depictions. Students will be able to apply what they learned from the textbook in science by actually applying it. Science will allow students to participate in classroom labs, textbook lab work, and working on designing their own experimental projects to test their own hypothesizes. English will involve the students having required texts to read, journals to document events in their daily lives, book reports to show their understanding of the books they have read, and peer grading with any reports or presentations done to test and increase their knowledge of writing. College Bound Prep does not only offer services to high school students in need but to college students seeking teaching experience, especially Morgan State University students. Undergraduate students majoring in Business, Engineering, and other studies, more specifically Education are offered paid internships to have the opportunity to work with the youth at Frederick Douglass High school. These student interns will have the opportunity to experience a non-traditional form of teaching and apply it to their future endeavors. The interns will also be given the opportunity to develop curriculum for their students to eliminate repetition in teaching and to improve on previous and current teaching outlines. There is no doubt that College Bound Prep can improve Frederick Douglass Senior High School’s scores. To further spark the student’s interest in wanting to succeed in obtaining passing test scores, College Bound Prep will host college tours two to three times a year. These college tours will visit all colleges and universities in the state of Maryland, including community colleges in the Baltimore area. By establishing College Bound Prep’s name in most of the colleges and university, we will have personal relationships with most of the colleges and universities admissions offices. This will provide an advantage to any of the students interested in applying to the schools visited during the tour. An added incentive to students who take the tutoring sessions seriously and improve and advance in their test scores will receive scholarships. These scholarships would pertain to college acceptance students from the College Bound Prep program and would range from covering books to covering tuition between one to four years. Presently, College Bound Prep is in the introductory stage. We plan to follow our many services with extensions to our program which includes becoming more mobile in terms of expanding sessions to other high schools in the Baltimore City and County area, and even to other states. College Bound Prep will even offer possible online sessions. College Bound Prep is unique in the sense of our dedication to provide non-traditional, personalized attention and teaching and offering a variety of opportunities for the students receiving tutoring as they progress in much needed test score improvements and also to college students seeking internships for experience. Market College Bound Prep’s target market is Baltimore City Youth from 14-18, but mainly juniors and seniors in high school. We will focus on Baltimore City schools that have low test scores. Low income families with high school age students who may not be able to get the help that their children need are also part of our focus. As a tutoring company in Baltimore, we compete with a lot of other companies that have the same goals that we have. There are many other tutoring companies in the area that are trying to appeal to the same students and parents that we are trying to reach. Part of our plan is to go to open houses and back to school nights at local schools in order to advertise our services. These are places where a lot of parents will come to see how their children are doing in school and to also seek further help for them. These are our best opportunities to let these parennn ts know about the type of tutoring that we offer. Competition There are many other prominent and lesser known tutoring services in the area that we are in direct competition with. These companies include: Kaplan, Newton, Huntington, Innovational Educational Programs, Frog Tutoring and Sylvan Learning Center. We also have to compete with the after school programs that the schools implement such as sports, cheerleading, yearbook clubs, etc. The reason why we are in competition with these after school programs is because they are held at the same time that we plan to offer tutoring. If the students that need extra help in school are involved in other after school programs, it will be a challenge to get them to come to our tutoring program. One of the problems that we may encounter in our market is the fact that a lot of parents are not financially able to send their kids to tutoring. This is a very strong possibility because the students that we are trying to attract to our tutoring program come from poor backgrounds in the inner city. We can combat this by offering funding provided by the government for students that come from families that cannot afford tutoring. By doing this, we will be able to accommodate a lot more students in our program. We have implemented a lot of different services in our company that we believe will set us apart from other tutoring companies in the area. Our goal is to be able to go to the schools that the students attend to conduct the tutoring sessions. This will set us apart from other tutoring programs where the students have to go to a specified place to receive the tutoring. That can be a major problem because a lot of students don’t have transportation to get there. A lot of students have to use public transportation to get to school and it would cost them extra money to have to take public transportation to get to a tutoring site. By meeting the students at their respective schools, we eliminate this burden on the students. Another thing that College Bound Prep does that other tutoring services don’t do is, we use credible tutors, college juniors or seniors, and graduate level interns from neighboring colleges to tutor the students. This is a very smart and cost effective way to tutor the students as opposed to using retired teachers that may only be tutoring just to receive some extra money. By using college juniors and seniors seeking internships in the education field, and graduate level interns, we will be able to use people that are enthusiastic about working with students and people that are eager to do whatever is required of them. Our company also offers incentives for students that show vast improvement in their grades. These incentives include a deduction in the rate for tutoring, as well as free school supplies and girt cards for places such as Barnes amp; Noble and Chegg. com where they can get books to read as well as textbooks for their college courses in the future. Part of our tutoring program involves preparing students to take the SAT examination and taking them on college tours. There are not currently any other tutoring programs in the area that offer these services. Preparing students for college is the main way that we differ from other tutoring services in the Baltimore area. Most tutoring services focus on helping students with their students to improve their grades in their current classes, but we plan to be different by helping them in their classes now and helping them to prepare to attend college. The main focus of College Bound Prep is to prepare high school students for college. We plan to place students that are currently struggling in their classes, on the right path and encourage them to pursue higher education. By assisting students make the choice to pursue college education; this will eventually help to improve the communities. Having more educated people in any particular area will help to decrease the poverty and eventually decrease the crime rate. Risk amp; Opportunity Being that we are a new business we have to carefully weigh out our risk and opportunities. We know that in the Baltimore area there are several credible competitors such as Kaplan, Sylvan Learning Centers, and Frog Tutoring. Along with these programs universities such as John Hopkins and UMBC offer Sat Prep and tutoring for high school students. We offer a free alternative which will already be at the school ready for students to finish class. We will offer and enhanced version of the curriculum which will also focus on science. Another risk we face is the fact this year Baltimore City has cut funding to education. This limits our funding due to the fact we hope to get government and city aide to progress and grow. Thought there are budget cuts over the past four to five years the graduation rate of students in the Baltimore city school system have been on the increase. This opportunity shows us that more students are taking graduating more seriously. With this increase in graduation there has also been a rise in college applicants coming from the Baltimore area. The city of Baltimore has stated that by the year 2020 it would like to have the graduation rate to 90% for Baltimore city public schools. We intend on being the aide to help them reach that goal.

Stalin and the USSR Essay Example For Students

Stalin and the USSR Essay 1879-1953, Russian revolutionary, head of the USSR(1924-53). A Georgian cobblers son namedDzhugashvili, he joined the Social-Democratic partywhile a seminarian and soon became a professionalrevolutionary. In the 1903 party split (see BOLSHEVISMAND MENSHEVISM) he sided with LENIN. Stalinattended party congresses abroad and worked in theGeorgian party press. In 1912 he went to St. Petersburg,where he was elected to the partys central committee. About this time he took the name Stalin (man of steel). His sixth arrest (1913) led to four years of Siberian exile. We will write a custom essay on Stalin and the USSR specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now After the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION of March 1917, hejoined the editorial board of the party paper Pravda. When the Bolsheviks took power (Nov. 1917) he becamepeoples commissar of nationalities. He also played animportant administrative role in the civil war (1918-20). In1922 Stalin was made general secretary of the party. Lenin, before he died in 1924, wrote a testament urgingStalins removal from the post because of his arbitraryconduct; but in the struggle to succeed Lenin, Stalinwas victorious. By 1927 he had discarded his erstwhileallies BUKHARIN, KAMENEV, and ZINOVIEV; in 1929TROTSKY, his major rival for the succession, was exiledfrom the USSR. Forcible agricultural collectivization andbreakneck industrialization began in 1928. The state,instead of withering away, as Marx had foreseen, wasglorified. Nationalism was revived as socialism in onecountry. The military was reorganized along czarist lines. Conservatism permeated official policy on art,education, and the family. Political repression and terrorreached a height in the 1930s. In a public trial Bukharin,Kamenev, Zinoviev, and others were charged withconspiring to overthrow the regime; they confessed andwere executed. Enormous numbers of ordinary citizensalso fell victim. Stalins foreign policy in the 1930sfocused on efforts to form alliances with Britain andFrance against NAZI Germany; the 1939 Russo-Germannonaggression pact marked the failure of these efforts. In 1941 Stalin took over the premiership fromMOLOTOV. The German invasion (June 22) found himunprepared; at wars end (1945) 20 million Russians weredead (see UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS). At the TEHERAN CONFERENCE and the YALTACONFERENCE Stalin gained Western recognition of aSoviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. Theparanoia of his last years led to a period of terrorreminiscent of the 1930s. On his death (1953) his bodywas placed next to Lenins. In 1956, at the 20th PartyCongress, KHRUSHCHEV denounced Stalins tyranny,but destalinization has never been thoroughgoingBibliography:WolfsonLowe

Ancient Rome Essays - Animal-powered Vehicles, Chariots, Bronze Age

Ancient Rome Essays - Animal-powered Vehicles, Chariots, Bronze Age Ancient Rome Roman games were much like Greek games, but there was more physical contact sports such as Gladiator combats, man against beast, and water battles. Chariot races were the same as the Greek chariot races. Rome had many different types of chariots. Biage were chariots pulled by two horses, and quadrigae chariots were pulled by four horses. Each race had 12 chariots going on one track at once. The racers would take 7 laps around the arena which would be a total of 5 miles long. Teams of four chariots would be either red, blue, green, or red in the chariot racing. Gladiators combat was where two men fought until one was dead. The gladiators would be armed with a weapon to make the battle more interesting. The gladiators were usually slaves or captives. Rich people would pay gladiators to go to school that taught them to fight. Many gladiators had armor mostly on their arm area or their legs. Some gladiators didn?t have any armor but just a weapon and a shield. Some times they would flood the arena with water and have battles with ships. Alligators would be in the water so that when a gladiator fell off he would get eaten by the alligator. Another reason why the arena would be flooded was because they would face crocodiles as well. Man against beast battle was when one man fights with a snake, a deer, a lion, a bear, or even an elephant. Roman Ball was more of a recreational sport. The rules as described by W.J.Kowalski on the Internet is : ?There were 2 concentric circles on the ground, 5 feet and 20 feet in diameter. Players ( 3 or more ) stand or run anywhere outside the large circle. The ball must bounce in the inner circle and pass beyond the outer circle. If the ball is not caught and hits the ground, the thrower gets a point. The player who catches or retrieves the ball throws it next. The first player to get 21 points wins. The player with the ball may run around the circle and try to catch his opponents out of position. The player who catches or retrieves the ball may return to the circle quickly and he becomes the thrower. The first throw may be taken by anyone, and should be thrown standing still. The game begins on the second throw. If the ball goes pass the outer circle the throw should be replayed.? Children and adults could play this game and it was very popular. They called the ! game ball or ball-playing. Towards the decline of the Roman empire, the Romans became good at archery and even kings began to enjoy it, but sometimes they were cruel. The story goes, that the Emperor Commodus shot ostriches with a special arrow and at gladiator combats, he sat in his royal box with a bow and arrow. From there he watched men being chased by wild animals, like lions, and leopards, and just when the animal was about to jump on the gladiator he shot his arrow and killed it. To him, this was a sport. Page 1 Ancient Greece There were many sports in Greece such as foot racing, chariot racing, boxing, horse racing, racing, wrestling, javelin & discus, and the long jump. There were three different types of foot racing. The first was the long race or as they called it, a Dolichos. The runners would have to run two laps around a stadium. The second race was a stade race which was a sprint six-hundred foot sprint down the stadium. The third race was called the double stade race or Diaulos. It was the same as the stade race but was twice as long. Instead of six-hundred feet it would double to one-thousand two-hundred feet which was two times the length of the stadium. Chariot races were held in a Hippodrome which was an open, large, flat, rectangular shaped arena. The chariots were moved up to an aphesis or the starting gate. After the announcer announces all the competitors and the trumpeters signal the start, the chariots go off. They race real fast but collisions would rarely happen. The Greeks took chariot racing seriously such as in the

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter S

Chemistry Abbreviations Starting With the Letter S Chemistry abbreviations and acronyms are common in all fields of science. This collection offers common abbreviations and acronyms beginning with the letter S used in chemistry and chemical engineering. S - Entropys - secondsS - Sulfurs - solids - spin quantum numberSA - Salicylic AcidSA - Surface AreaSAC - S-Allyl CysteineSAC - Strong Acid Cationsal - salt (Latin)SAM - S-Adenosyl MethionineSAM - Spin Angular MomentumSAN - Styrene-AcryloNitrileSAP - Super Absorbant PolymerSAQ - Soluble AnthraQunoneSAS - Small Angle ScatteringSATP - Standard Ambient Temperature and PressureSb - AntimonySB - Solvent BasedSBA - Strong Base AnionSBC - Styrene Butadiene CopolymerSBR - Sequencing Batch ReactorSBS - Styrene Butadiene StyreneSc - ScandiumSC - Silicon CarbideSCBA - Specific Chemical and Biologic AgentsSCC - Stress Corrosion CrackingSci - ScienceSCO - Super Charged OxygenSCS - Single Crystal SiliconSCU - Scoville UnitsSCVF - Single Chamber Vacuum FurnaceSCW - Super Critical WaterSCX - Strong Cation eXchangerSDMS - Scientific Data Management SystemSDV - Shut Down ValveSDW - Spin Density WaveSE - Sample ErrorSe - SeleniumSec - SecondsSCN - ThiocyanateSEP - SeparateSEU - Slightly Enriched Uraniu mSF - Safety FactorSF - Significant FiguresSFC - Supercritical Fluid ChromatographySFPM - Suspended Fine Particulate MatterSg - SeaborgiumSG - Specific GravitySG - Spheroidal GraphiteSH - Thiol functional groupSHE - Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeSHF - Super High FrequencySHC - Synthetic HydroCarbonSi - SiliconSI units - Systà ¨me international dunità ©s (International System of Units)SL - Sea LevelSL - Short-LivedSLI - Solid-Liquid InterfaceSLP - Sea Level PressureSm - SamariumSM - Semi-MetalSM - Standard ModelSMILES - Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry SystemSN - Sodium NitrateSn - TinSNAP S-Nitroso-N-AcetylPenicillamineSNP - Single-Nucleotide Polymorphismsp - hybrid orbital between s and p orbitalsSP - Solubility ProductSp - SpecialSP - Starting PointSPDF - atomic electron orbital namesSQ - squaredSr - StrontiumSS - Solid SolutionSS - Stainless SteelSSP - Steady-State PlasmaSTEL - Short Term Exposure LimitSTP - Standard Temperature and PressureSTM - Scanning Tunneling Microscop eSUS - SUSpension

Microbes and Us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microbes and Us - Essay Example They are capable of utilizing diverse sources of carbon and nitrogen; and have an efficient energy metabolism (Hobson and Stewart, 15). The fermentation products in a glucose medium are succinic, formic and acetic acid (Bryant et al., 18). They are generalists capable of degrading a many carbohydrates except celluloses. Degradation of starch due to amylase activity converts starch into maltose and maltodextrins. The ÃŽ ±-amylases breakdown the carbohydrate chain randomly. Polysaccharides such as xylans and pectins present in plant cell walls are also degraded by caboxymethylcellulase and xylanase activity due to both extracellular and intracellular CM-cellulases and pectinases. The xylanase activity of the P. ruminicola has been attributed to multiple xylanase genes encoding endoglucanase, endoxylanase and oxygen sensitive exoxylanase activity (Gasparic et al., 2958) while proteolytic ability is due to a unique dipeptidylpeptidase activity (DAP1) (Hobson and Stewart, 15). It helps overcome lack of free transport of amino acids in the cell (Mackie & Morrison, 7). Obligate anaerobes P. ruminicola are among the most abundant (19%) of the rumen and hind gut microbiota cattle and sheep (Hobson and Stewart, 15). P. ruminicola are also indigenous population of human oral cavity and surface (Haraldsson, 23). As a consequence of the symbiotic relationship of P. ruminicola along with other similar microbes with the ruminants, the latter are able to derive nutrition from the herbaceous materials made of starch and hemicelluloses. Further due to the proteolytic activity of P. ruminicola low quality protein sources ingested by the host animal are converted into high quality microbial cell proteins that are then made available to the host animal. 3. Gasparic, A, et al. "A xylan hydrolase gene cluster in Prevotella ruminicola B14: sequence relationships, synergistic interactions, and oxygen sensitivity of a novel enzyme with exoxylanase and

History courswork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

History courswork - Essay Example Rivera’s economic policies to fund public works and industrialization were unpopular and, losing army support, he resigned in 1930. The Spanish voted by a large majority for a Republic and Alfonso went into exile in 1931. In the following general election, the Left Wing parties, led by the Socialists, won a definite majority. Manuel Azana became President and introduced agrarian reforms, advocated the autonomy of Catalonia and the Basque region, deprived the powerful Roman Catholic Church of its’ privileges, nationalized many of the large Spanish Estates and attempted to reduce the military’s hold over the country. By these measures, the Republican Government alienated four powerful groups: the landowners, the church, the military and the industrialists. After a failed military coup in 1932, these groups formed a new right wing political party called the CEDA. Agitations by the extreme left against the moderate Azana Government led to the call for General Electio ns in November 1933, in which the Right Wing won a majority and CEDA formed the government under Gil Robles. The Right undermined the previous reforms, again leading to violent strikes by the opposition. General Elections were again called in February 1936 and a coalition of Left political parties came to power as the Popular Front, with Azana again the President. Infighting among the constituents of the Front seriously undermined the authority of the government. The governments’ economic policies brought about a crisis and the workers went on strike. The Right Wing groups, which had formed a coalition called the National Front, started a military coup on 19 July, 1936 led by military officers like Francisco Franco. Franco led a successful revolt in Spanish Morocco and the Spanish Civil War began. The Republican and Nationalist armies were more or less on par, but the equation changed with the start of International intervention. Germany took the first step with the dispatch of military

Social Development of Late Adulthood Essay Example for Free

Social Development of Late Adulthood Essay The Social Development in Late Adulthood LaTricia R. Scott BHS 325 May 20, 2013 Jane Winslow, MA, LMFT Social Development in Late Adulthood Late Adulthood is a time in people’s lives when they come to terms with their lives and reevaluate what they have done or accomplished in the lieu of what they still would like to accomplish for the remainder of their lives. During this stage of life adults around the ages of 65 begin to experience a variety of changes in their physical appearance and a decline in their health. The process of aging in an individual occurs at different speeds and during this stage older adults are being treated as second-class citizens especially by younger adults. The skin begins to wrinkle at an accelerated rate, the senses lose their acuity, and the voice becomes less powerful. Other physical changes occur like the loss of teeth, bones become brittle, joints become stiff, and the graying of hair. Cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood are the loss of memory, mostly the working memory or short-term memory. In general, those in later adulthood are less able to integrate numerous forms of information at once. Though late adulthood has its challenges it can often be a time of rewarding experiences with family, friends, and reconnecting socially to the world. This paper will address the changes in late adulthood and help potential clients and their family’s better understand this stage of life and how to proactively deal with all the changes. Role and Social Position In late adulthood our society sees older adults as useless and non-existent, older adults have transitioned from operating as productive and viable workers in the workforce to facing the myths that older adults are less productive, out of touch, and incompetent. During this stage older adults begin to retire from their lifetime jobs and find the current workforce to be very intimidating and discriminatory. Living Accommodations Adjustment from Work to Retirement Female Menopause is when every woman stops menstruating and can no longer bear children. Menopause happens due to the decrease of estrogen in the female body which then leads to the Marriage, Family, and Peer Relationships Social Policies Conclusion In middle adulthood there are many changes that occur physically, psychologically, and socially as explained in the above passages. Yet, some say that this is the best time of their life, they experience enhanced self-confidence, great sex lives, career success, and enhanced brain functions. Middle age adults are better equipped to make better life choices and decisions and not worry so much about the negative parts of life. Their problem solving skills are greater which allows them to reason more creatively. They are able to enjoy sex freely without the worries of getting pregnant and they feel more confident with their partners. In general they are happier about life and look forward to enjoying the rest of their lives. References Dale, O. , Smith, R. , Norlin, J. M. , amp; Chess, W. A. (2009). Human behavior and the social indent second line of references please environment: Social systems theory (6th Ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Drury, K. (2009) 12 Steps of Middle Adulthood. Welcome to Middle Age. Retrieved from http://www. rurywriting. com/keith/development. middle. age. htm Zastrow C. H. amp; Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2010). Understanding human behavior and the social environment (8th Ed. ). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole * References Duncan, R. (2010) Education. Com: Family Characteristics of Children Involved in Bullying. Retrieved from http://www. education. com/reference/article/Ref_Family/ MBNBD (2009) Bul lying Statistics Retrieved from http://www. bullyingstatistics. org/ Stepp, D. (2010) Bullying: The Family Connection Retrievedfromhttp://familymatters. vision. org/FamilyMatters/bid/34439/Bullying-the-Family-Connection

Stalin Vs. Hitler Essay -- essays research papers

Run to the Top Josef Stalin, a politician from the earliest beginnings of his life, strove to achieve a national sense of power during his reign over the citizens of Russia. Adolf Hitler, however, a born high school dropout somewhat longed for a place in life. He rather fell into his role as a politician, after his brief shortcomings in arts and sciences. These two individuals developed varying ideas to put their controlling minds to work to lead their political parties in the direction of total domination of the state. In the beginning Josef Stalin was a worshiper of his beloved Vladimir Lenin. He followed his every move and did as he said to help establish and lead the Bolshevik party. Much of the early part of his political career was lost due to his exile to Siberia for most of World War I. It wasn’t until 1928, when he assumed complete control of the country were he made most of his success. After Lenin’s death in January 1924, Stalin promoted his own cult followings along with the cult followings of the deceased leader. He took over the majority of the Socialists now, and immediately began to change agriculture and industry. He believed that the Soviet Union was one hundred years behind the West and had to catch up as quickly as possible. First though he had to seal up complete alliance to himself and his cause. Stalin saw a need to sure up the allegiance to him by all who were under him. Therefore, he needed to fight out against those who opposed him. So for the rest of 1924, the Politburo continued to argue about the future of the Soviet economy. The fiercest argument was between Stalin and Trotsky over Trotsky's theory of permanent Revolution. Trotsky thought that Communism could not survive in the USSR alone. He argued that the capitalist countries of the West feared Communism and would try to destroy it. For this reason, he said, it was necessary to spread Communism to the countries of Western Europe and to their overseas colonies. This would be done by giving help to revolutionary groups and parties in Western Europe. Stalin put forward an opposite theory - the theory of Socialism in One Country. He argued that the USSR must always come first in the government's plans. The rest of the world must take second place. The Communists should concentrate on building up the economy of the USSR, not waste money on helping revolutionary groups abroad.... ...t still got over four million. This is the deviant plan which helped Hitler reach is ultimate goal of a complete governing power by himself with no one to question his authority. These two men were very demanding in obtaining what they thought should be the rule of a nation by their own personal control. Stalin and Hitler were very close in the same way that they had an aggressive vigor to force a type of commanding dictatorship into their respective countries. Each had a special army that they put in high regard politically to where they were considered special police agents. These armies were under different orders, but their main objectives were to stop anyone who opposed, or were thought to be in opposition to the head of state. Also, both Stalin and Hitler had ideas to improve the education levels and economic prosperity of their own countries, each trying to put their own at the top of the world in industry and commerce. Although Hitler and Stalin were opposed to each other’s own strategies and political stance on being a world dominator, they were very similar in the way to which they fought for political power. From the Hitler/Stalin book about 1200 page book comparison

Reward Management

Since the Industrial Revolution the approach of HR changed from a pure financial approach to a core function within the business1. Human Resource could be considered nowadays as the most precious resource a company holds as it constitutes the link between the people and the company’s strategy and goals. HR fulfills this role through 4 main activities: staffing, reward management, employee development and employee maintenance.This paper will focus on reward management and the challenges the company faces in finding the best way to implement a reward management strategy that suits it. Different theories and practices exist; however the company has to consider the needs and desires of its own people and environmental context in order to find the system that best suits the company. Theories and approaches One way to illustrate the link between different HRM activities is the Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna model. According to this model, HRM has 4 key activities: Selection, Performance , development and Rewards.Even though this model is said to leaves out the notion of management’s strategic choice, it shows the coherence of internal HRM policies and the importance of matching internal HRM policies and practices to the organization’s external business strategy2. Source: John Bratton, Jeffrey Gold (2000), Human resource management: theory and practice, second edition 1 See appendix I – source : Jean Moisset, Pierre Toussaint, Jean Plante(2003), La gestion des ressources humaines pour la rà ©ussite scolaire, presse de l’università © du Quà ©bec 2 John Bratton, Jeffrey Gold (2000), Human resource management: theory and practice, Second edition Thereby, it can be said that reward management is very closely linked to employee retention, training and development and strategic HRM.And without a clever practice of these activities, a reward management cannot be successful. Reward management was born because managers had to motivate their emp loyees in order to reach company’s objectives. â€Å"A great deal of the ideology of work is directed at getting men to take work seriously when they know that it is a joke†3 . Motivating the staff became a concern as soon as a positive relation between motivation and high performance was demonstrated.Motivation is not only used to achieve a certain amount of output needed to align with company’s goals, but also put in the work of the employees an humane and selfsatisfying aspect. Throughout the last centuries, many studies have been made. Some studies focused on what people value as a decent reward, thereby â€Å"how to reward† (content theories) and others focused on the effect of a certain reward system, â€Å"why† implementing this system (process theories). Among content theorist Taylor can be mentioned. For him, people were rational and only driven by financial rewards.Then, the Hawthorne studies showed social needs were as important as econo mic needs. Abraham Maslow developed a pyramid expressing a hierarchy of needs: physiological>safety>belongingness>esteem>self-actualization. Each person stands at a certain level and will need specific motivators. Some other content theories are motivation factors of Herzberg or Mc Gregors’ theory. From the simple idea of economic motivator, theories have moved towards the idea of needs. Secondly, process theories of motivation explain why a reward system has to be implemented.A first theory, the organizational justice, gives that employees need to perceive the organization as fair. Either through the fairness of the rewards which are distributed (distributive justice) or through the procedures used to allocate rewards (procedural). The equity theory relies on the idea that individual assess fairness through the comparison with others who are in similar situations. Some also say that employees’ behavior depends on what they expect to occur. This is the expectancy theor y. Employees ask themselves three questions in order to decide how to behave: What’s in for me?How hard I have to work to get it? What are the real chances of getting the reward if I do what my boss wants? And finally, the goal- 3 Thompson, A. & Ryan, A. J. (2010) â€Å"Employee reward† in: Beardwell, J. & T. Claydon, Human resource management: A Contemporary Approach, Harlow: Prentice Hall, 6th edition, pp. 490-530. 3 setting theory stipulates employees want to work towards challenging, yet not impossible, goals. Process theories underline that behavior is affected by individual differences, experiences and features of the organization.Employees evaluate the rewards obtainable for behaving in a certain manner and act consequently. However, people do not always behave consciously and when they behave in a certain way, they may not be aware of the behavioral options. Practically, there are two steps in the development of a reward management strategy. First, there is eva luation of capacities, position and potentiality of the individual. Then, focus is set on the remuneration. This can be monetary or not. Employee’s surveys are used to develop HR policies and practices.Through those surveys, it has been found that â€Å"pay is only one of a number of factors that motivates staff, and may not always be the most important one†. 4 The monetary reward system is simply defined as the salary increase which can be calculated by different available systems (payment by result, performance related pay, financial participation) whereas the non-monetary type refers to the motivation and gratification of the employee. This is done through a psychological contract based on the concept of mutual understanding of obligations and promises made between worker and employer.There are two different types of psychological contracts: transactional, based on the monetary aspect and relational, rather based on people. This shows the importance of the environme nt in which people work. A good reward management system is able â€Å"to attract, maintain and motivate people to work for the company†5. 4 Armstrong M. , Thompson P. , Brown D. and Cotton C. (2006), Reward Management, Symposium Report, ereward and Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, February 5 Henry L. Tosi and Massimo Pilati (2008),†People management† in Compertamento organizzativo, Egea†¢ basepay †¢ contingency pay (for performnace, competences or contribution) †¢ variable pay (cashbonus) †¢ share ownership †¢ benefits non finanlcial rewards financial reward †¢ arising form the wprk itself and environment †¢ recognition and responsability †¢ meaningfull work †¢ autonomy †¢ opportunity to use and develop skills †¢ carreer opportinities †¢ quality of working life †¢ work life balance †¢ COMPONENTS OF TOTAL REWARD Source: Michael Amstrong, Helen Murlis, Reward management: a handbo ok of remuneration strategy and practice, Hay Group, 5th editionThe main problem of reward management is that both the evaluation and remuneration process are dependent from market forces (comparisons, competition, unions, types of regime) and from internal management forces. The variation of the pay system can therefore cause a state of compression or dispersion of the employees which is translated in homogeneous or diversified payments within the company. These systems have both benefits and costs. As we have seen, reward management systems can be characterized by different approaches and theories.However, there is a trend towards transparency and homogenization and some key factors are repeated: balance between pay and benefits, work life balance, individual growth and development, and positive workplace. These can now be observed in some important companies such as Yorshire Water, Severen Trent Water and Das Legal Expases. Nevertheless, the theories and approaches are not always used in practice. This was due to a gap between evidence and practice, known as the â€Å"knowing-doing gap†. It has been shown that although theoretical reward strategies exist, business do not have enough time to implement them6 .Reward case In our specific case we can observe how Yorkshire Water, Severn Trent Water, Yahoo Europe, DAS Legal Expenses, Carlson Wagonlit and Isotron, who were not using the 6 Jean Moisset, Pierre Toussaint, Jean Plante(2003), La gestion des ressources humaines pour la rà ©ussite scolaire, presse de l’università © du Quà ©bec 5 appropriate reward system, changed their systems. They tried to adapt to their employees and give them the right motivational factor to work for the company. In each company there are some elements that were not taken into consideration.So, for an effective strategy the enterprises should analyze their environment and take into consideration all the players that can influence or that can be an obstacle to implem ent the right payment. Some of these can be unions, external factors, employee conditions, health and security, motivation, competences and retiring. Only after a broad vision of needs and conditions, companies can set up the right payment system. Ideally, it should also be flexible so that it can be modified according to the business development and environmental changes7.Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is listed as one of the worse companies to work for. As we can see from different sources8, it has a very poor view of its employees and they have several problems when it comes to rewarding them. Their reward system doesn’t take into consideration the motives and needs of its people. There is no link between performance and compensation. The company doesn’t apply the â€Å"attract, maintain and motivate people to work for the company†9 policy. We also note discrimination, favoritism, no respect for the individuals and their private life in Wal-Mart’s work conditions.T he key factors of reward management â€Å"balance between pay and benefits, work life balance, individual growth and development, and positive workplace† are absent in Wal-Mart. All of these observations have a direct impact on the company. Previous employees organized a protest against the expansion of the company in New York, and attest of the bad work conditions in shops. Due also to a high turnover; people don’t want to work under these conditions and the lack of communication leads to short term relationship between the shop managers and employees.Wal-Mart employees’ are not integrated in the company, they don’t feel like they belong to it and it hinders goal achievement. From a theoretical perspective, Wal-Mart’s reward system doesn’t match neither Taylor theory (the pay is not high enough), nor Hawthorne’s, (it doesn’t take into consideration the 7 Gilman, M. W. (2009) â€Å"Reward management†, in: Redman, T. ; Wi lkinson, A. , Contemporary Human Resource Management. London: Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, pp. 170-172 8 See Appendix II: Glassdoor , Wal-Mart salaries, , (30 November 2011) and Aling, channel of NYJWJ, Walmart workers speak out about busive th working conditions, , (19 February 2011) 9 Henry L. Tosi and Massimo Pilati (2008),†People management† in Compertamento organizzativo, Egea 6 social needs of the employees), nor Maslow’s pyramid, (basic needs, safety, belongingness, esteem and self-actualization are missing), nor Herzberg’s, (there is no the motivational aspect). To redesign this reward system, we propose one that is based on payment by result, where employees are rewarded according to worked hours.Workers will thereby perceive the company as fair, and Wal-Mart will keep its policy of â€Å"as low wages as possible†, both sides will be satisfied. As monetary reward is not really the most important kind, non-monetary compensations should also be used. There should be an emphasis workforce’s needs by implementing a decent health care plan. Paying attention to their physiological needs, social esteem, self-fulfillment, possibility of growth, will answer their expectation and make them do their best and work at their highest potential (the expectancy theory).Thus, the strategic goals of the company would be more easily reached. Instating a corporate culture would be another recommendation; it will create a togetherness spirit and will ensure that the employees work in line with the company’s vision. The firm is also encouraged to ask for feedback from its staff, so it will identify the most important problems and try solving them. Moreover, applying the goal-setting theory could increase employees’ motivation. Wal-Mart can determine some challenging goals with reward given on achievement, employee of the month or special prizes for instance.As far as the equal treatment of the employees in terms of reward is concerned, there has to be a difference of pay between different types of employees according to differences in terms of work and responsibilities. Those with more responsibilities could be given extra perks for example. By doing so, Wal-Mart will have a better workplace environment, reduce the negative impacts that we stated above, and enhance the commitment of its employees to the firm. Conclusion In the fast-moving and changing globalized context nowadays, companies face fierce competition and pressures.Reaching strategic goals becomes increasingly challenging. In order to do so, a company needs its people, from top managers to employees to be â€Å"engaged 7 and productive†10. Reward management motivates staff with financial compensations and benefits but in certain contexts, these reveal to be insufficient to retain talent. Workforce also takes into account the learning and development opportunities and the work environment. Although a good reward management enhances business performance, the Wal-Mart case illustrates that, some companies present a complete lack of reward management and have to cope with negative consequences. Reward Management Management and OrganizationAbstract As an organization it is very important for the human resources to control employees, motivate them and ensure productivity. Business owners are searching ways to reduce the costs and maximize quality so it is very important to get the most out of every employee. One way to do this is reward systems. In this paper we are going to analyze the reward system parameters and discuss about evaluation criteria.Introduction According to Burack an incentive or reward may be used to motivate an individual or group. A reward can be anything that attracts the employee and make them work in joy. Ä °ncentive programs are mostly monetary but it may also include non-monetary rewards such as recognition, training, development and increased job responsibility. The French says that paying can be two ways:1. Fixed Salary2. Reward linked to performance. Payment is happening one period to another depending on quantity or quality of work. The worker are paid according t o work completed or items produced. The most important thing about rewarding system is to seperate the †salary† from †reward†. So rewarding system is needed to †pay off† employees their performance, and also they will enchance employee motivation in order to make the firm reach its goals. Also rewards improve consistency of services and reduces absences of the employee. Rewards make the firm a great and attractive place to work, making employees happier and well-trained. Having such employees will also attract customers, can you think of a better advertisement?The Key Features Reward plans include monetary and non monetary elements. This will be better  to match the needs of the organization and employees. The goals that the reward system is serving to has to be identified. Planning the incentive to be accurate and on time will be the basis of very succesful rewarding in order to make better workplace and organization. As a manager the plans hav e to setted by communicating the employees and deciding what is the most appropiate reward. Providing monitoring systems such as feedback will lead to succesful and accurate incentive. Rather than the quantity, the quality of the work should be more important for the manager.Designing Reward and Recognition A very good example for recognition may be †the employee of the month† frame at businesses. It is a psychological reward that seperates the employee from its peers by the work he/she has done. Also as we have said before rewards can be tangible. It is very important for the firm to do effective rewarding system so that none of the employees will feel bad or useless for the organization. There are some essential factors for the rewarding system: The rewards must be observable for all of the employees. So that everyone will be sure that the rewarding system is made fairly.The reward system needs to have realistic standarts that make the employees satisfied. The rewardin g plan has to be clear and standartized to make sure that all the members can calculate the reward they will get for a certain effort. The standards of the reward plan has to be set high but realistic, specific, satisfying and effective. Standard is a plan that should not be changed is no necessary situations because it is a contract between firm and the employee. The rewards should be given oftenly to encourage high performance.Types of Rewards:1. Monetary Rewards: Monetary reward is the large raise or bonus payment that company is willing to give to the employee in order to motivate the job performance and meeting certain objectives. These bonus payments may be quick-motivators for the company. Good payments, incentives will make employees challange themselves but setting too much requirements will make the reward ignored. Also profit sharing will lead the employees to contribute more to achieve the profit goals of the company. Stock options  become popular in these recent years , this gives employees the right to buy limited number for a fixed price. This option is a long-term motivator for the organization. Some benefit package may be given to employee such as insurance, good retirement, company gifts, meals, entertainment, flexible working hours, housing etc.2. Non-Monetary Rewards: Reputation and recognition is very important for a person to feel important and valued. The company should make it clear for the employees that good performance will be recognized. Some examples may be: writing employee thank note, bigger desk, gift cards, personalized coffee mugs, games room, gym, child care, impressive job title, own visiting cards, own secretary etc. Also some informal incentives may be leaving early or coming late etc. Individuals are interested in getting others attention and increasing reputation.Conclusion As Herzberg and Maslow states: The physiological and psychological needs and desires of employees must be met and maintained to keep them motivated. So it is important to satisfy the employees in order to keep getting tasks done and achieving goals. Both internal and external motivators need to be used to keep the employee happy and good performing.

Human Mental Health Service Worker Essay

Skills & Characteristics of Mental Health Human Service Workers Skills & Characteristics of Mental Health Human Service Workers Human Service Workers are made up of a group of people that choice to help those in need. Those service workers that decide to work with the mentally disabled are very special people. The workers are trained to assist with the emotional issues that usually bring the client to the point they are at. There are also other causes that can be a part of the reason behind the challenges people with mental illnesses deal with. There could be illnesses that are passed down from previous generations or chemical imbalances at play. In order to be a successful mental health human service worker, there are traits that one must have. In the following paper, it will become clear what skills and characteristics a Mental Health Human Service Worker maintains. Human Service Workers in the Mental Health Field are social workers who strive to make more productive options for their clients. They help the client obtain the treatment required for better health. There are also some cases where family connections are needed to assist in the client being restored to his or her best mental health state. Human Service Workers become a part of their client’s life in some cases can even be more like a life coach because the client depends on them for a chance to feel whole again mentally. When a person struggles with mental illness, there is a battle for that person as they are trying to find their place and feeling different is very difficult to handle. This is where Human Service Workers come into play. Service Workers have to have compassion for others and they have to have a desire to help others. These are characteristics that are a must in order to be a good Human Service Worker. The Human Service Worker is like a life coach to the client. Each session has to provide them with a life skill and an assignment for them to complete. This is part of the recovery process because there is an ending to the process. There are stages and with each stage there are lessons that are learned. Even though the Service Worker become a major part of the client’s life as the process continues and draws to an end, the client needs to be prepared to work without the Service Worker and understand they must take what they have  learned and continue to use those lessons in the everyday life to keep growing and bettering themselves. Education is a key factor for an effective Human Service Worker, there are many years of schooling that are required. Training and knowledge is just the beginning of what is needed to be successful in the Human Service Field. A Human Service Worker must be able to put personal prejudices aside to be able to help his or her client in an appropriate manner. Putting aside personal prejudices is important but doesn’t mean putting common sense aside. Ethics are another key point to success. By having ethics, it enables you to see the entire situation just as it is, know there are things that may not be normal but, at the same time understandin g that what makes there be needs for Service Workers. Finally, not being judgmental is very important because your clients are in need of your help for a reason, the last thing they need is to feel judge by the one person that is there to help them. Education is important however, personal experience is also an advantage that can help the Human Service Worker relate to what the client is experiencing. By being able to relate to your client, it enables you to be able to read between the lines as the client does not always have the ability to say what is bothering them. Sometimes they are talking in circles and personal experiences make it possible for the Service Worker to read between the lines and pull out the causes to the problems the client is dealing with. According to the community support skills standards, there are critical areas of competence such as Participant Empowerment, Community Networking, and Advocacy (NOHC). These are all areas that are very important in the Human Service field. Participant empowerment is allowing the client to be a part of the program including what are the best ways to proceed. The client needs to feel they still have control over their own recovery. Yes, it is the Human Service Worker’s place to lead them in the right direction that will put them back on the path to recovery however, it is vital that the client be allowed to also make some decisions in the process. Community networking also is important in that most clients are unaware of what services are available for them to take advantage of. With the education the Service Worker has, they are also made aware of the different services available, working with these other programs, learning which ones are more valuable in each client situation. Advocacy is another way that the Service Worker enables the client to heal. Advocating for your  client is in a sense is being their voice in a time when they are not able to. This is a huge part of what the client needs, they need to feel there is someone there for them in a time of need. Skills can be developed to help in the formation of a successful h uman service worker by taking classes, furthering education, training courses, and personal experience. Keeping up to date with the changes that take place in this field is very important. Knowing what the latest studies are in the field and even latest treatment plans can assist any human service worker to do their job more effectively and even help them open their mind a little bit more than before this training. There are some people that are natural born helpers in this field. While he or she may feel like they are helping it is important that they also have the education to be able to assist clients. It is true that there are people born to help others and in doing so makes them happy and complete. A natural born helper seems to be more successful in the human service field simply because have the trait of helping others and this is an area they are very comfortable with. There are many different areas where Human Service Workers can assist the mental ill such as Community Mental Health Centers, Youth Services, and Halfway Houses or Prisons. It is clear as to why there would be a need in the mental health centers and prisons but, you may be asking why would there be a need in youth services areas. Drugs and alcohol abuse could be a contributing factor as to why a client may be dealing with mental health issues. Drugs and excessive alcohol could cause the body to go out of sink and there ca n be major affects on the brain. Clients that have addictions which cause them to be paranoid and can even cause them to do things that they would not do in a normal frame of mind. When dealing with clients in this situation, it is important to first place them in an area to dry them out, then you can deal with the client through rehab programs and education. Within the Community Mental Health Center, determining what the cause of the problem is the first step in beginning the recovery process. Depending on what the root of the evil is will determining what program is best for the client. With the halfway house, it is clear that an addiction or crime is apparent so first going back into the client’s child hood to see what caused the client to do what he or she has done. Afterwards, the path of treatment would be different because there are several things to consider. As it has been clearly laid  out, being a Human Service Worker requires being a person that cares for others, doesn’t judge, and has the knowledge needed to help their client again become a productive member of society. In some cases medication is required and in others, simply gett ing the root of the problem and helping the client learn to face that problem, learning how to deal with it is the key to success. Reference National Organization for Human Services. (n.d.). What is Human Services. Retrieved from http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/what-is-human-services

Demonstrate Knowledge of Human Development Across the Lifespand Essays

Demonstrate Knowledge of Human Development Across the Lifespand Essays Demonstrate Knowledge of Human Development Across the Lifespand Essay Demonstrate Knowledge of Human Development Across the Lifespand Essay In this essay my discussion of the human development thought out the lifespan so the theorists I have chosen are Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Albert Bandura, john bowlby and also Vygotsky to look into the theories also relate them to the modern early childhood education these days. The four theories will be arguing about how the influences of the hereditary and the environment pr personal experiences that affects ones life path THEORIST AND THEIR THEORIES Erik Erikson is a psychoanalytical theorist who divided his theory to eight developmental stages throughout the life span (Berk, 2007). The eight stages are , Trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generative vs stagnation, integrity vs despair. If issues were to arise any of the stages were not dealt with well, it would influence the next later stages of development. Erikson also emphasized the wider social and Vygotsky was a social development theorist. Vygotsky focused on the connections between people and the sociocultural environment, where they interact and share experiences (Crawford, 1996). Vygotsky theory is one of the foundations of constructivism. This states three major themes he created. They are: inter/ intra psychological, more knowledgeable other (MKO), Zone of proximal development (ZPD). family relationships who surrendered the child to be more of an influence rather than biology. Jean Piaget was a cognitive theorist who had believed that children learn through adapting their world and since â€Å"he was trained as a biologist† (Pearson, 2007, p. 143) he showed humans how to demonstrate their intelligence through adaptation to the environment. Like Erikson, Piaget had believed that children pass through different stages of the development, but in their thinking. The four stages of development are : Sensory motor stage (birth – 2years) – knowledge develops through sensory and motor abilities, Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) – the child is learning to apply logical structures with languages, mental imaginary and symbolic thoughts, Concrete Operational stage (7-12 years) – the child has now a hold on logical perations that helps them to understand physical properties, Formal Operational stage (12 years and up) – children think deeply about concrete events and reason abstractly and hypothetically. Since Piaget was influenced by biological principles, he believed that humans were not seeking too much disruption in the children’s development. They were to be left on their own to explore and develop their own time and capabilities. John Bowlby believed that attachment had an evolutionary component; it aids in survival. The propensity to make strong emotional bonds to particular individuals [is] a basic component of human nature (Bowlby, 1988, 3). This theorist relates to my experience when my parents went Afghanistan for six months and I had two children to take care of and a whole house this was a hard job to me it seemed like I was a mother because the child would call me that im there mother. They got so attached to me and even now they are the same they tell me that a (big sister is like our mum) and I felt like I have been a mum for years. That my theorist. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES Vygotsky and Piaget are two obvious theorists who would disagree on a lot of each others’ theory. However, there are some few common grounds that they can meet on. Vygotsky and Piaget (Black Well Publishing, 2003) emphasized the importance of the early stages of development, where an infant uses body language instead of speaking verbally. Both Piaget and Vygotsky believe that development proceeds in stages, building on the previous stage, and how children think using different strategies at different stages. Their major difference is about a child’s development with or without a significant other. Piaget strongly believes that children discover for themselves and developing precedes learning. Whereas Vygotsky believes that children develop their thinking or learning abilities by the help of an adult, significant other or a more knowledgeable peer. By interacting with others, the child’s development will be further pushed to its advantage. Bandura and Vygotsky also share similar view points of approaches to learning; they both focus on the social – environmental influences and their study of the human’s inner psychological process such as language (Berk, 2007). Bandura’s heory focused more on how children develop through watching adults or teachers behaviors, especially with those that they identify with. We can connect that to Vygotsky theory about the zone or proximal development, where an adult has to actively interact with the child to further push their knowledge. This adult can be someone close like a peer or a caregiver. APPLICATION OF THEORIE S Piaget’s Preoperational stage (2-7 years) mentioned that the child has developed motor skills and develops a sense of self (Berk, 2007). They are able to think imaginatively, but still not able to think logically. In the centre, we can observe children play in the sand pit, constructing imaginary objects using simple equipments. Vygotsky theory encourages the teachers to collaborate with children in order to make it easy for them to have a meaningful constructive learning. This can also push parents to expose their children to a variety of social situations, because every interaction is considered to be a learning experience. John bowlbys theory of attachment can be easily seen today in an early childhood centre. A way for children to learn is through attachment with others. When children see other parent hugging there children they will watch and see then they will go and do the same In Erikson’s initiative vs. Guilt is where the child develops motor movements and coping skills, their curiosity is increasing. Parents who take time to answer their preschoolers questions can increase their intellectual initiative. But parents or caregivers who see their childrens questions as and annoyance may suppress their initiative and cause them to be too dependent on others and to be ashamed of themselves. Task 2 Influences on Human Development Children develop in many different ways at the same time. While physical growth and maturity are the most obvious signs that development is occurring, children also develop cognitively (mentally), socially, emotionally, and sexually. The influence is genetics. At this period, we relate infants to Piaget’s Sensory motor stage (Berk, 2007) where they get to learn their environment or come to know their world through their bodies and their senses. They dont understand their environment very well at first, but are born exquisitely prepared to explore and learn. They learn how to make movement, how to make sense of things, how to speak, and how to do other skills. All these developments need babies to use all senses: touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight. Development are mostly described as achievements in life significant to particular person, this can include crawling, walking or even first words of the infant. Though a development milestone occurs at a certain stage, everyone is different. An infant might have inherited genes that might prevent development of child, where other infants or toddlers might develop faster. When infant grows into early childhood, their thinking is still in process of developing, their ability to use language becomes more obvious, depending on their genes, they slowly develop while some are quickly excelling. We now enter Piaget’s Preoperational stage age 2-7 years of age; this is where childrens thought processes are developing, although are still considered to be far from logical thought, in the adult sense of the word, and unable to take the point of view of others. In middle childhood, the child is influenced by his or her family. School-aged children also need benefit from loving nurturance expressed by parents and caregivers. Children receive nurture from caregivers when caregivers give love and affection, spend time with them, include them in stimulating activities, and help them build their self-esteem. We can relate this to Bronfenbrenner Ecological system theory of the Microsystems the small, immediate environment the child lives in. This will include any immediate relationships or organizations they interact with, such as their immediate family or caregivers and their school or daycare. The more encouraging and nurturing these relationships and places are, the better the child will be able to grow. This expression of love helps children grow in self-esteem and self-respect. Bronfenbrenner Ecological system can also link to when the child moves on to adolescence where he or she will be influence by their social circle. Erikson calls this stage to be Industry vs. Inferiority (Berk, 2007), where child learn to use methods and develops competence, skills and also they will learn to relate to their peers. Interaction with other children will then have to be a necessity to ensure development happens. An interchange of knowledge with a more capable other can be especially helpful, Vygotsky zone of proximal development theory (Berk, 2007). Another dimension in life that is influenced by social factors is young adulthood. This stage we move into Erikson’s Identity vs. Role confusion. How a person come to know how they see themselves in relation to the world. A young adulthood must struggle to discover and find his or her identity, while negotiating and struggling with social interactions and trying to fit in, and developing from right and wrong. If the person is successful in their young adulthood, they will now be focusing on attention to the system of production and management of material wealth, ecology, in their middle adulthood. This would cover Erikson’s theory of the Generativity vs. Stagnation or self-absorption, Career and work are the most important things at this stage, also their family. Attempting to work and produce something that makes a difference to the society. In Bronfenbrenner theory of the Ecological system, this person is part of the interlinking system which will affect the development of the child; it can either be directly if the person has children The last stage of life dimension is the late adulthood, where the person might be influenced demographically. Bronfenbrenner theory comes into this influence again, how they are affected in how they will now be living according to the law of the government, most would be using their pension and living in an old home stay area or lives in their own home far from there parents. Task 3 Reflection on Human Development Many theorists formed theories to explain how humans behave, think or develop intellectually, solve problems, and remember certain things. From studying these different types of theories can help us understand children and their development. I will be examining how knowledge of human development across the lifespan develops an adult’s understanding of children in an early childhood setting. Also, how this knowledge of human development across the lifespan can influence our practices with children in an early childhood centre. The like of Piaget (Berk, 2007) who is a cognitive theorist is only interested in how the brain works and how children learn more by leaving them alone to explore the things around them. We can relate this to Piaget’s sensory motor stage, a stage where infants’ senses are being fully used. Their senses of touch, sight, smell, taste and hearing can contribute to their increasing curiosity of objects and the things around them. If this was the case, in an early childhood setting, we would do well to provide materials, equipments and resources for infants to explore on. Making the environment safe for the infants learning is also essential. â€Å"In exploring the physical environment, children gain increasing motor and manipulative control and skill in using tools and materials safely†. Ministry of Education, 1996 p. 98) As Piaget stated, development precedes learning (Ebeck, 1996) In other cases, there are theorists who strongly believed that social factors were important for cognitive growth, scaffolding. Scaffolding is a temporary support system around that child’s attempts to understand new ideas and complete new tasks (Children’s developing minds) the purpose for this is that the child will be able to achieve higher developments by simplifying the task or idea, motivating the child and even modeling that can be imitated easily. If scaffolding is applied successfully children are in a better position to â€Å"convey and receive ideas, feeling and information in different cultural and social contexts†. (Ministry of Education, 1996 p. 96) Having this basic theory in mind, as teachers, Also, this can help children develop understanding and appreciate different view points of others (Ministry of Education, 1996). An additional theorist who could agree with having social factors to help further develop a child is Vygotsky, who came up with the zone of proximal development (Berk, 2007). He put emphasis on teachers to be always aware of the child’s intellectual development when they might need to be pushed further, a higher level than where they are now. This theory surely is related to scaffolding, but Bruner formed his theory based on Vygotsky zone of proximal development theory (Black Well Publishing, 2003) The zone proximal development is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. Interestingly enough, it is not only from adults that this knowledge can come from. In an early childhood setting, it’s good to take note of the child’s intellectual development and always looking out for ways to further push their development. Collaborating children with others can also help them develop within their zone of proximal development and â€Å"are able to participate in a range of social settings†. (Ministry of Education, 1996 p. 94) â€Å"A child’s learning environment extends far beyond the immediate setting of the home or early childhood programmes outside the home†. (Ministry of Education, 1996, p. 9) Bronfenbrenner, an Ecology of Human development theorist (Ministry of education, 1996) developed the environment systems which can either directly or indirectly influence the child. In this ecological system, we are directly influencing the child, because we fall under the Mesosystem as the school, early childhood centre. In the Mesosystem, that’s where the child learns to explore and discover new things, a saf e place to fully develop themselves. As a teacher or caregiver we are responsible for taking care of the children that are entrusted to us. This moves us to provide a well nurtured place where the development of the child can be enhanced. Also, the child might be developing relationships with adults outside their immediate family for the first time, so it emphasizes how we have to care and nurture the needs of the child. We can relate this to John Bowlby’s attachment theory. A child feels a special emotional relationship (Berk, 2007) that involves an exchange of comfort, care and pleasure. He also agreed with Piaget, of how an early experience in childhood can have an important influence on development and behavior later in life. By examining the characteristics of attachment, we can differentiate the kind of attachment the child has made. There are three, safe haven is when the child feel threatened or afraid, he or she can return to the caregiver for comfort and soothing. Secure base, the caregiver provides a secure and dependable base for the child to explore the world. Proximity maintenance is when the child strives to stay near the caregiver, thus keeping the child safe. Separation distress, when separated from the caregiver, the child will become upset and distressed. The way we care and nurture for the children in the centre will have an affect on how we view separation of a child and parent as they get dropped off, and how they socialize with strangers. If we find that the child takes a while to get separated with his or her parent, we leave give them time to settle in and feel comfortable in the place. We are also responsible for creating that safe haven in the centre for the children, especially when the child spends 11 hours, five days a week in the centre. Consequently, having knowledge of different theories will help us to better understand how children develop their understanding of themselves and those who are taking care of them. It helps us to open our views to a much wider idea of why such behavior is happening, or how a child might want to learn, why a child is finding it hard to separate himself to his parent and to the care of another stranger or even how the environment can have an influence on children. Just as the theorists themselves have their own opinions on development, this also goes for caregivers who will apply a different approach to learning. However, it’s all for the benefit of the child. Thus, having this knowledge from different kinds of theorists, let’s put them into application and continue to develop the child’s intellectual, physical and emotional needs. References massey. ac. nz/~alock/virtual/trishvyg. htm cyc-net. org/cyc-online/cycol-0304-bowlby. html http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/bandura. html http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/erikson. html http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/piaget. html